The Asian Longhorned Beetle Prevention and Control

The Asian Longhorned Beetle Prevention and Control Trees supported by the Asian longhorned creepy crawly are transcendently maples, yet pervasions have additionally been found in horse-chestnuts, poplars, willows, elms, mulberries, and dark insects. As of now, there is no known down to earth concoction or organic resistance against the Asian Longhorned Beetle and, in North America, they have not many normal predators. How Trees Killed Are Killed by ALB The Asian longhorned creepy crawly is a dark bug with white dots that grows a long recieving wire. The bug bites its way into hardwood trees to lay eggs. The eggs produce hatchlings and those hatchlings burrow profound under the bark and feed on living tree tissue. This taking care of viably removes the trees food flexibly and starves it to the point of death. How ALB Spreads Studies have indicated that an Asian since quite a while ago horned insect can fly the extent that few city obstructs looking for another host tree. Fortunately the scarab tends to lay eggs in a similar tree from which they developed as grown-ups - they as a rule limit their trips under ordinary conditions. Counteraction Tragically, there are no strategies created to for all intents and purposes forestall or control Asian longhorned bug. On the off chance that you recognize the nearness of ALB, the main thing that will help is to contact nearby ranger service authorities for counsel. They can find a way to contain the flare-up. The main way right now known to battle the Asian Longhorned Beetle is to demolish the plagued trees. While chopping down develop trees is anything but an extraordinary answer for the tree proprietor and a disaster, it is desirable over allowing the Asian longhorned creepy crawly to spread.

Images of Los Angeles presented in What We Do Is Secret Essay

Pictures of Los Angeles introduced in What We Do Is Secret - Essay Example The situations and pictures portray environmental factors and the condition of life in Los Angeles. With that regard, this paper will base contentions and correlation of pictures of Los Angeles in the film ‘what we do is secret’. In the first place, the essayist of the film what we do is mystery Michelle Baer picks words as scandalous and amazing to depict Darby yet normally the words think about the picture of the city of Los Angeles in the 1970’s. This shows, despite the fact that the city of Los Angeles was notorious, it was likewise an amazing city. In the film, Darby and the remainder of the Germ musical gang team present issues identified with naivety, eccentricity, weakness, just as brightness. These attributes at last portray nearness of genuine and genuine rebel of the city of Los Angeles. Somewhat, the city seems to have some level of carelessness as displayed by the pathetic existence of youthful grown-ups (Samudio and Lee 57). This is on the grounds th at, the Germs are intellectually secondary school dropouts, awful carried on, and imprudent medication clients. Also, the pictures in the film are photographic tribute paid to the city of Los Angeles. It gives an interesting excursion through the social, sociological, political, and the modern history of the city of Los Angeles. ... Also, this book gives a harsh portrayal of the city of Los Angeles in the entirety of its corn meal and greatness by means of occasions that made the world, for example, the two Olympics, the Rodney King riots, and the death of Bobby Kennedy. Every one of these occasions uncover that Los Angeles is a city of numerous measurements. Also, the film portrays the city of Los Angeles as the world’s diversion capital, Hollywood, and exhibits an assortment of famous people alongside various outstanding occupants that incorporate draftsmen, artists, and specialists. The film features top to bottom state of pop social developments of Los Angeles along with the condition of music (Banham 168). The Germ bandleader, Darby knows not his natural dad. On the opposite end, his mom is a heavy drinker and his senior sibling bites the dust from heroin overdose. His school life depicts him as an energetic peruser who despite seemingly insurmountable opposition exhaustively forms into a startlingly clever understudy. Apparently, the general life highlight of Darby shows and analyzes the condition of workmanship and the status of instruction framework inside the city of Los Angeles. The book ‘what we do is secret’ portrays the city of Los Angeles through differentiating perspectives. For example, it covers the city’s condition of public activity related to its status of its pop social developments. These conditions show repudiating issues since the book extends its length to show nearness of the city’s condition of music, condition of food prevailing fashions, posses, surfing, and speedsters. To put it plainly, it depicts the state of food, which is sound, condition of music anyway connected with practices that lead to medicate misuse, just as the city’s

Book Riots Deals of the Day for July 12th, 2017

Book Riots Deals of the Day for July 12th, 2017 Before you browse todays deals, have you check out Book Riots new podcast series, Annotated? Its a short-form audio documentary series about books, reading, and language (fans of This American Life, Invisibilia, and the like will be familiar with the format). Go here to give it a try, or just click the logo below. Thanks! Todays Featured Deals The Birthday of the World and Other Stories by Ursula K. Le Guin for $1.99. Get it here or just click the cover image below: Galileos Daughter by Dava Sobel for $1.99. Get it here or just click the cover image below: In Case You Missed Yesterdays Most Popular Deal: Brown Girl, Dreaming by Jacqueline Woodson for $1.99. Get it here or just click the cover image below: Previous daily deals that are still active (as of this writing at least). Get em while theyre hot. An Edible History of Humanity by Tom Standage for $1.99. Tell the Wolves Im Home by Carol Rifka Brunt for $1.99. Zen in the Art of Writing by Ray Bradbury for $1.99. After Henry by Joan Didion for $1.13. The Song of Achilles by Madeline Miller for $1.99. The Toughest Indian in the World by Sherman Alexie for $1.99. The Last Samurai  by Helen DeWitt for $1.99. The Last Policeman  by Ben H. Winters for $1.99. Notes of a Native Son  by James Baldwin for $1.99. Labyrinths  by Jose Luis Borges for $1.99. All the Birds in the Sky  by Charlie Jane Anders for $2.99. A Study in Scarlet Women  by Sherry Thomas for $1.99.. The Inexplicable Logic of My Life  by Benjamin Alire Sáenz for $2.99. We, The Drowned  by Carsten Jenson for $2.99 Big Fish  by Daniel Wallace for $1.99. The Terracotta Bride  by Zen Cho for $1.40. The Geek Feminist Revolution  by Kameron Hurley for $2.99. The Girl at Midnight  by Melissa Grey for $1.99. Cloudsplitter  by Russell Banks for $1.99. Queenpin  by Megan Abbott for $0.99. The Good Lord Bird  by James McBride for $4.99. The Comet Seekers by Helen Sedgwick for $2.99 Frog Music by Emma Donoghue for $1.99 Bitch Planet, Vol 1 for $3.99. Monstress, Vol 1 by Liu Takeda for $3.99 Paper Girls, Vol 1. by Vaughn, Chiang, Wilson for $3.99. Labyrinth Lost by Zoraida Cordova for $1.99 The Wicked + The Divine Volume 1  for $3.99 The Inheritance Trilogy by N.K. Jemisin for $9.99 The Price of Salt by Patricia Highsmith for $0.99 We Should All Be Feminists by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie for $2.99 Sign up for our Book Deals newsletter and get up to 80% off books you actually want to read.

Book Riots Deals of the Day for July 12th, 2017

Book Riots Deals of the Day for July 12th, 2017 Before you browse todays deals, have you check out Book Riots new podcast series, Annotated? Its a short-form audio documentary series about books, reading, and language (fans of This American Life, Invisibilia, and the like will be familiar with the format). Go here to give it a try, or just click the logo below. Thanks! Todays Featured Deals The Birthday of the World and Other Stories by Ursula K. Le Guin for $1.99. Get it here or just click the cover image below: Galileos Daughter by Dava Sobel for $1.99. Get it here or just click the cover image below: In Case You Missed Yesterdays Most Popular Deal: Brown Girl, Dreaming by Jacqueline Woodson for $1.99. Get it here or just click the cover image below: Previous daily deals that are still active (as of this writing at least). Get em while theyre hot. An Edible History of Humanity by Tom Standage for $1.99. Tell the Wolves Im Home by Carol Rifka Brunt for $1.99. Zen in the Art of Writing by Ray Bradbury for $1.99. After Henry by Joan Didion for $1.13. The Song of Achilles by Madeline Miller for $1.99. The Toughest Indian in the World by Sherman Alexie for $1.99. The Last Samurai  by Helen DeWitt for $1.99. The Last Policeman  by Ben H. Winters for $1.99. Notes of a Native Son  by James Baldwin for $1.99. Labyrinths  by Jose Luis Borges for $1.99. All the Birds in the Sky  by Charlie Jane Anders for $2.99. A Study in Scarlet Women  by Sherry Thomas for $1.99.. The Inexplicable Logic of My Life  by Benjamin Alire Sáenz for $2.99. We, The Drowned  by Carsten Jenson for $2.99 Big Fish  by Daniel Wallace for $1.99. The Terracotta Bride  by Zen Cho for $1.40. The Geek Feminist Revolution  by Kameron Hurley for $2.99. The Girl at Midnight  by Melissa Grey for $1.99. Cloudsplitter  by Russell Banks for $1.99. Queenpin  by Megan Abbott for $0.99. The Good Lord Bird  by James McBride for $4.99. The Comet Seekers by Helen Sedgwick for $2.99 Frog Music by Emma Donoghue for $1.99 Bitch Planet, Vol 1 for $3.99. Monstress, Vol 1 by Liu Takeda for $3.99 Paper Girls, Vol 1. by Vaughn, Chiang, Wilson for $3.99. Labyrinth Lost by Zoraida Cordova for $1.99 The Wicked + The Divine Volume 1  for $3.99 The Inheritance Trilogy by N.K. Jemisin for $9.99 The Price of Salt by Patricia Highsmith for $0.99 We Should All Be Feminists by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie for $2.99 Sign up for our Book Deals newsletter and get up to 80% off books you actually want to read.

The Ethical Aspects Of Deception - 1217 Words

In ordinary life, deception is typically justified on the grounds that it is for the benefit for the individual who is being deceived (Miller, 2012). In research work, it is common for research studies that evaluate fundamental aspects of human behavior to use deception while carrying out the research. The use of deception in research wok is usually one of the hardest ethical decisions that researchers are confronted with when conducting research studies. It may involve petty minor omissions of information about the research study to the respondents, or even an outright misinformation about the aim of the study. In most cases, the rationale for deception on fields such as human behavior is that it is not possible to obtain accurate information about how people behave when they know when they know what they are being observed or evaluated for (Bankert and Amdur, 2006). Stanley Milgram, a social psychologist, experiments on obedience to authority figures is a significantly prominent te st in the study of the use of deceptions Milgrams research sought had two determinants as reported by Blass (1998). First, Milgram attempted to account for the holocaust and secondly, he intended to use the Asch’s technique for studying conformity to behavior of greater human consequences. In this research study, it was found out that an average of group of men would readily inflict painful and electric shocks on harmless victims whose actions did not call for such harsh treatments. TheShow MoreRelatedAPA Ethical Guidelines Essay928 Words   |  4 PagesThe APA ethical guidelines help to ensure that all psychological research maintains the integrity that it does not do harm or conflicts with the majority of the human populations moral ethical codes. However, in some situations the APA ethical guidelines must be viewed as just that: guidelines. If a study has the potential to benefit humanity as a whole and does not result in the permanent or irreparable harm to a human being then some guidelines must be permitted to be stretched or even broken inRead MoreWhy Business Leaders Fail At Using Ethics Essay1554 Words   |  7 PagesSummary Ethical Fading uses a psychological lense to examine why business leaders fail at using ethics. Self-deception, along with its varied enablers, are the cause of this unethical trend. This allows one to act in self-interest while simultaneously believe that one’s ethical code was enacted, thus the ethical decision fades to a less morally risky business, personal, or religious decision. The aforementioned enablers comprise of language euphemisms, the processes to immoral decision making, misconceptionsRead MoreConflict on a Trading Floor723 Words   |  3 PagesConflict on a Trading Floor The case describes the ethical dilemma occurred in FirstAmerica Bank. The sales department of the bank was preparing a 700 mln. USD loan contract for one of the bank’s former client: Poseidon Cruise Lines. Poseidon intended to order a large cruise ship for their fleet to a French shipyard, which required a contract to be signed for five years and in French francs. This in turn raised concerns in Poseidon management, related to the possible economic costs/losses relatedRead MoreEthical Issues in Psychology788 Words   |  4 Pagestopic. The three main ethical issues in psychology using human participants are: Privacy, physical and psychological harm and deception. Deception involves either concealing the real intention of a study from participants or taking steps to mislead them at the start. Milgram used the second ploy, deliberately lying to participants about the genuine reason for a study. He also used stooges and the use of stooges always means deception has been used. However, is deception necessary? Milgram wouldRead MoreThe Stanford Prison Experiment And The Milgram Experiment1007 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Ethical guidelines are the frameworks and standards that govern psychologists in conducting a morally justified research to respect the rights of the participants. Since the researchers are responsible for the welfare of the participants, it is vital for them to act in accordance with a specific strict code of ethics and moral principles. One of the common ethical framework used in many psychological studies is IVCARD where ‘I’ stands for Informed Consent, ‘V’ equals Voluntary ParticipationRead MoreThe Psychological Health Of Human And Obedience991 Words   |  4 Pagesstopping for the â€Å"learner† and continuing for science. This is evidence that participants are considering the experimenters expectations and not blindly obeying (Haslam and Reicher, 2012). Furthermore, Burger (2009) replicated aspects of Milgram’s experiment in an ethical manner, but found difficulties in gaining strong results. For example, Burger allowed a maximum voltage of 150mv (contrasting to Milgram’s 450mv) and could only predict whether participants would go further. Milgram’s unethicalRead MorePolice Ethics Essay867 Words   |  4 PagesEve out of the Garden of Eden as a punishment for breaking the rules. (The Holy Bible: Genesis Ch.3) These types of historical records display the fact that law enforcers have always existed. Just as law enforcers have always existed, so have ethical issues surrounding the authority exercised by these individuals. Police corruption is a problem that has always existed. There are several factors that can explain the reason for police corruption. First, law enforcement officers work in a somewhatRead MoreEthics in Psychology Essay848 Words   |  4 Pagesdefine ethics as a method, procedure, or perspective for deciding how to act and for analyzing complex problems and issues† (Resnik, 2011). We are expected to behave or be treated a particular way in society, therefore we should be granted certain ethical treatments in regards to research. Human Participants According to the American Psychological Association, (APA) there are five general principles in which help psychologist maintains professionalism while performing scientific duties. The five generalRead MoreCommunication Is The Key Important Skills That A Person Can Possess1280 Words   |  6 PagesInterpersonal communication is something you need to do well as it affects many aspects of your life. It is also a learned skill that can be improved with knowledge, self awareness and practice. In order to be a good communicator we must continually analyze our level of interpersonal communication competence, which is defined in Mccornack’s book on page 21 as consistently communicating in ways that are appropriate, effective, and ethical. Consistently means across various types of relationships and situationsRead MoreTV Show: The Office1451 Words   |  6 Pagesexistential ideas such as Sartre’s â€Å"bad faith,† Kierkegaard’s stages of life, and the theater o f the absurd. The actions of the receptionist Pam throughout season two and culminating in the episode â€Å"Casino Night† illustrate aspects of existentialist Jean-Paul Sartre’s ideas about self-deception. When Pam denies her growing feelings for her coworker Jim, she uses what Sartre deems as â€Å"bad faith† in order to avoid taking responsibility for her true emotions. Existentialist Jean-Paul Sartre believed that individuals

The Impact Of Settler Colonialism - 1729 Words

Settler colonial theory (SCT) is a means for non-indigenous people to disturb colonial privilege accrued by settler societies from the displacement and suppression of indigenous peoples and their culture (Makoun Strakosch, 2013). Settler colonialism is a distinct form of colonialism that facets by way of the substitute of indigenous populations with an invasive settler society that, over time, develops a unique identity and sovereignty. Settler colonial states include Canada, the U.S., Australia, and South Africa, and settler colonial concept has been important to finding out conflicts in areas like Israel, Kenya, and Argentina, and in tracing the colonial legacies of empires that engaged in the general groundwork of settlement colonies.†¦show more content†¦The perspective is not merely historical because the settler-colonial ideas continue to influence relations between Euro-Canadian settlers and indigenous peoples (Woolford Benvenuto, 2015). The propositions of settler colonial theory are based on observations of the ontological framework of settler society that casts indigenous groups as a separate nation with practices that justify the denial of indigenous rights. The ideology eventually becomes ingrained in settler society to the point where the racist paradigms are pervasive and operate unconsciously on all levels of interactions between indigenous and non-indigenous society (Denis, 2015). Economic and Social Movement Alliances The economic alliance between Indigenous people and the business community has become more common in the post-TRC and Canada 150 environment. The business alliances generally can be characterized as a paternalistic partnership in which the business organization exogenous to the indigenous community takes the leadership of the alliance despite the common economic objective. An example is the strategic alliances formed by joint ventures between indigenous communities and private corporations in the potash and other mineral extraction industries (Gordon, Kayseas, Moroz, 2017). The non-indigenous business organization contributes capitalShow MoreRelatedEffect of Colonization in Kenya1159 Words   |  5 Pageseffect of colonialism in Kenya This essay analyses the effect of colonialism in Kenya. It explains the depth of colonialism within Kenya’s context and analyses the impact of colonial conquest, the imposition of international and local administrative boundaries. It also examined further the lasting consequences of colonial economic and social policies concerning colonialism in Kenya. This essay gives more explanation that has to do with British colonialism in Kenya. Colonialism developedRead MoreChapter Three : Consequences Of Colonialism1747 Words   |  7 PagesCHAPTER THREE: CONSEQUENCES OF COLONIALISM. While the motives of colonists in the Americas were various- to build a new society, to promote Christianity, to acquire riches, or, as early colonists in New England expressed it, to secure a ‘competencie’ ; they all faced the same challenges of establishing themselves in an alien environment that would require them readjust and respond to new circumstances. It would be justifiable to submit that the main consequences of colonialism were largely detrimentalRead MoreThe Conflict Between Indians And Indians1515 Words   |  7 PagesThe land has been a site of much conflict between Indians and colonists. From reservations to relocation and everything in between, the treatment of Native people in the United States is intertwined with the varied ways in which both Indians and settlers understood and used land. Moreover, many of the injustices inflicted on Indians stemmed from the federal government’s insistence that Indians operate on the land in a manner consistent with the government’s ideas and desire about what land use oughtRead MoreImperialism And Colonialism In Joseph Conrads Heart Of Darkness1302 Words   |  6 Pagesimperialism and colonialism can affect the way in which an individual experiences the world. Those born into the so-called â€Å"First World† countries have been privileged in that they have not felt the burden of such societal structure, as compared to those born into those â€Å"Second World† countries. These individuals have dealt with the pressures of Westernized society in such a way that their entire way of life has been transformed. Those whose countries hold values of imperialism and colonialism have onlyRead MoreBroader Impact Of Colonization On African Continent Essay1292 Words   |  6 Pages Broader Impact of colonization on African Continent According to the dictionary, colonialism may be defined as the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupy it settlers, and exploit it economically. Colonialism between the 1870s and 1900s had a massive impact on African communities. Therefore, I am studying effect of colonialism because I want to find out its impacts in order to understand the transformationRead MoreThe History Of Western Imperialism1129 Words   |  5 Pagescolonies have suffered massive loss of culture through the oppression in the form of assimilation of indigenous people, of resources like silver in Latin America, along with re-appropriation of their spaces to accommodate the presence of the white settlers, North America being a prime example. In today’s post-colonial times—in times where what used to be colonised parts of the world are now independent nations—this history is not forgotten. This history has been a part of formation of present andRead MoreEffects Of Colonial Policies And Practices Essay1735 Words   |  7 Pages122-1201 November 20th, 2016 The detrimental impact of colonial policies and practices on â€Å"colonial† and post-colonial Africa. In spite of their independence, African nations continue to face serious economic, social, and military challenges. I claim colonialism served as a significant force that had a detrimental impact on African society, economics, and politics. The Oxford dictionary defines colonialism as the â€Å"policy or practice of acquiring full or partial politicalRead MoreColonialism and Oppression in the African Diaspora Essay938 Words   |  4 PagesColonialism and Oppression in the African Diaspora The Kenyan feminist and environmental activist, Wangari Maathai, explores the legacy of colonialism and oppression in her native country through her moving 2006 memoir, Unbowed. Maathai explains that over the course of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Africa experienced a massive influx of white settlers. In an effort to solidify control over recently acquired colonies, many European powers had encouraged large numbers of their ethnicallyRead MoreAn Area Is Not A Simple Process1620 Words   |  7 Pagesother means† (Oxford). It is an action that involves strategy and process. Colonialism is a term that derives from imperialism. Where imperialism s methods connote towards military force, colonialism involves political process and sees the establishing of outposts; settlers often arrive from the colonising country to ensure its preferential political practice. There is more than one authoritative figure involved and colonialism includes the delegation of land over a large area. This was European ImperialismRead MoreMax Webers Theory of Rationalization Applied765 Words   |  3 PagesMax Webers has had a profound impact on sociology his theory of rationalisation and how it has changed social groups and society as a whole over time. According to Campbell (1981) Weber believed that understanding why people do the things they do is the basic building block of sociology, a concept he termed ‘Verstehen’. Weber believed that sociologists should not just study a group of people but also try to gain an empathetic understanding for the individuals in th at group. Weber identified four

Designed to measure the math, reading and writing skills...

Designed to measure the math, reading and writing skills necessary to predict college success, The SAT Reasoning Test is the most popular and widely accepted exam used for college entrance available today. A team of U.S. colleges developed its earliest form, known as the College Entrance Exam, in 1901. This essay-only test was designed for students applying to colleges to take one entrance exam instead of separate exams for each university. In 1926, the College Entrance Exam became the SAT (Student Aptitude Test). The test was formatted to multiple-choice in order to objectively assess a student’s college readiness while giving all students an equal opportunity for success. Since then, the title of the test was changed again to no longer†¦show more content†¦The SAT program assures strict quality control standards for scoring. Only certified SAT test centers can acquire copies of the SAT and testing materials. College Board encourages schools/administrative buildings to apply to become official testing centers on the College Board website. To become an SAT test administrator/proctor, one must apply through the SAT Program. The SAT College Board website states the qualifications necessary to be considered an SAT test administrator. Some, for example, include â€Å"unquestionable integrity, fluency in English and experience in working with students.† (â€Å"College Board†, 2014) Purpose and Nature of Test According to College Board, the SAT Reasoning Test is designed to measure subject matter learned in high school and problem solving skills through three areas; math, critical reading and writing (â€Å"College Board†, 2014). Each subject is worth 800 possible points, for a combined perfect score of 2400. The test contains ten separately timed sections. It consists of three types of questions; multiple-choice, mathematical student-produced responses and an essay question. Test takers are required to solve math equations, comprehend English compositions and write creatively. The 2005 edition that is used today’s math sections include multiple-choice questions and student-produced responses. According to the College Board website, the questions cover numbers andShow MoreRelatedReview of the SAT Test 2288 Words   |  10 Pagesof intelligence testing. There exists compelling information that suggest there is a lack of ability for any test to clearly identify and measure intelligence. It is very clearly noted that there is a question of the ability for academics based testing to measure a persons intelligence. One of the most noted tests in the United States that is used to measure the potential of students to perform in an educational setting is the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT). Through the years this test has undergoneRead MoreGrade 12 National Assessment Of Educational Progress6761 Words   |  28 Pagesacademic readiness and preparedness for entry-level college coursework, such as core subject or content knowledge, cognitive strategies (problem solving, reasoning, planning, etc.), learning, and transitioning skills. The results of a series of studies conducted since 2008 indicate that students scoring at or above 163 on the NAEP mathematics scale, and students scoring at or above 302 on the NAEP reading scale are likely to possess the knowledge, skills, and abilities in the core subjects that wouldRead MoreCollege Readiness System5622 Words   |  23 PagesCollege Readiness 1 Running Head: COLLEGE READINESS AND FIRST-GENERATION COLLEGE STUDENTS Defining College Readiness from the Inside Out: First-Generation College Student Perspectives Kathleen Byrd, M. Ed. Developmental Education Reading and English Instructor South Puget Sound Community College 132 Plymouth St. N.W., Olympia, WA 98502 kathb@u.washington.edu. (360) 754-2889 Ginger MacDonald, Ph.D. Director and Professor of Education University of Washington, Tacoma 1900 CommerceRead MoreCritique Of The Lindamood Bell3291 Words   |  14 Pagesexpectations for students in four strands under English Language Arts: reading, writing, speaking and listening, and language. The goal is that all students will demonstrate mastery in these areas as they become college or career ready. Further, the Common Core highlights the capacities of the literate individual. In the world of special education, too many students in high school struggle with literacy. There are Intensive Reading Clinic courses available to students with mild to moderate disabilitiesRead MoreSat and Its Disadvantages5228 Words   |  21 Pagesstill commonly known simply as the SAT. It is the oldest and most widely used standardized admissions test in the United States. It measures reading, writing, and math abilities, as well as problem-solving skills. The SAT has undergone many revisions during its history, but it is currently composed of three main sections: critical reading, mathematics, and writing, with each of these sections divided into three parts. There is also an experimental or equating section that can be used in any of theRead MoreEmployee Selections and Training Paper1809 Words   |  8 Pageshave used industrial/ organizational psychology to select and train employees. These examples are human resource departments with companies, and more specifically, Taco Bell and McDonald’s. There will be a discussion of methods used to measure the levels of success of each training program. Lastly there will be a discussion of any legal and or ethical concerns that may arise in the implementation of each training program. Human Resources Selection and Training Many organizations have a hard timeRead MoreThe Human Resource Management : Wellpoint ( Anthem Blue Cross Blue Shield )1849 Words   |  8 Pagesprocesses must be legal, technically sound, and must accurately match the people and skills needed for the position. Analyze the selection process of the company you researched and make recommendations for improvement. The majority of I/O psychologists believe that personality tests are important tools for choosing the right employees. WellPoint and several other big corporations use these tests to measure dimensions of personality and related characteristics. These testing methods are usedRead MoreHuman Resources Managemnt4105 Words   |  17 PagesExplain what HR management is how it relates to the management process? Human Resource management is all about the people needs of the business and the personal needs of the employees. To object is to place the people with the necessary qualifications and abilities in the appropriate positions within the organisation to maximise their usefulness to the enterprise while also considering the employees needs and their career path. Chapter 4 1. What items are typically included in the job descriptionRead MoreFactors That Affect the Academic Performance of the Student Using Computer11401 Words   |  46 Pagesacademic achievement and accountability in public education grows, it is important to determine whether teachers who hold advanced degrees in education as a general field are more effective than those who have degrees in specific subjects like English or math. http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2000/09/cda00-09-effects-of-advanced-teacher-training-on-student-achievement By  jasminkatevallez, Dec 2011   Determining the factors that influence the class performance of a student is challenging since theRead MoreTeaching Reading Is Rocket Science13428 Words   |  54 PagesTeaching Reading Is Rocket Science What Expert Teachers of Reading Should Know and Be Able To Do The most fundamental responsibility of schools is teaching students to read. Teaching Reading Is Rocket Science What Expert Teachers of Reading Should Know and Be Able To Do June 1999 Author note: This paper was prepared for the American Federation of Teachers by Louisa C. Moats, project director, Washington D.C. site of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)

Columbia University A Personal Essay free essay sample

Essay Topic: Please tell us what you find most appealing about Columbia and why. Tucked away in quiet Morningside Heights is a little green haven I would like to call home for the next four years: Columbia University. Since my junior year tour, I have had a love affair with the institution, especially for its world-class academics. The Core Curriculum, the most celebrated aspect of the Columbia experience, provides the best mechanism to produce a diverse, well-rounded individual. And the ability to explore multiple disciplines in courses like Frontiers of Science and Art Humanities even if they do not pertain to my major is immensely appealing. Another course I am eagerly anticipating is Literature Humanities which typifies Columbias celebration of the art of literature. As an avid reader myself, I realize that at Columbia I would have the opportunity to not merely read some of historys Great Books Don Quixote, The Illiad, and more but to engage in the incredible experience of discussing these revolutionary texts with a like-minded student community. We will write a custom essay sample on Columbia University: A Personal Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One of my prospective majors is French and Francophone Studies, and I believe that there is no better place to hone my language skills than Columbia University a microcosm of the world! Columbias student body is bursting with international flavor, making it an extra special place to study a language. With Columbias emphasis on studying abroad, I would even have the option to perfect my skills at legendary French institutions, including the Sciences-Po or the Sorbonne or on campus in unique courses like Poesie Francophone DAfrique. And outside Columbias urban campus, the opportunities for French cultural interaction are endless at lectures, film screenings, and exhibitions at La Maison Francaise or the Alliance Francaise. With Columbia Universitys focus on structured learning, I know that I would graduate as an insightful, well-versed individual, equipped for lifes challenges. Columbia is truly an otherworldly institution, and I would be delighted to call it home for the next four years!

Globalization Economic and Political Dimensions

Introduction Globalization, in the contemporary era, is often regarded as revolutionary to political, social and economic structures globally. It has caused a â€Å"power shift† from the traditional nation-states to global institutions, a trend, which, according to some researchers, has created â€Å"virtual states† (Rosecrance, 1996).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Globalization’ Economic and Political Dimensions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nation-states are slowly losing their political power to supranational organizations, regional non-governmental organizations (NGOs), devolved units and multinational companies. In this regard, globalization shifts political authority to different international institutions causing state institutions to converge under uniform international policies. Despite the power shift, political devolution can enhance the democratization process by facilit ating the convergence of governance institutions. Critics of globalization urge national governments not to relinquish governance functions such as immigration, national security and criminal justice to supranational agencies (O’Brien et al., 2000). They argue that if nation states lose these crucial governance functions, they become ineffectual and unpopular among its publics. Also, the power shift or deregulation enhances the power of non-governmental actors in public intervention areas, including environmental issues and humanitarian aid. In major cities, such as Washington D.C. and Seattle, emerging political movements oppose the deregulation of international market and instead agitate for the protection of the local market (O’Brien et al., 2000). To understand the effects of globalization, this paper defines globalization, surveys its range and dimensions, and analyzes its pros and cons in the contemporary world. Definition of Globalization Keohane and Nye (2000) define globalization as â€Å"the expansive networks that span intercontinental distances (p. 105). Thus, globalization covers many aspects of global politics, from the diminishing political power of nation-states (political globalization) to the homogenization of culture, trade policies, consumption and living standards (economic globalization). Analysts attribute these changes to the elaborate transportation and communication networks. In this view, globalization encompasses linkages that lead to political and economic interdependence globally. One important element of globalization is global economic integration. Economic integration, though not yet complete, has led to reduced trade barriers among nations, increased labor mobility and led to a more interconnected global economy. It is on this basis that Friedman (1999) defines globalization as â€Å"the inexorable integration of markets, technologies and nation-states, enabling corporations, people and nation-states to reach t he rest of the world† (p. 7).Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Friedman implies that globalization, though largely economic, also has a political dimension. It is the political decisions of nation-states to remove trade barriers in order to promote international trade and facilitate transportation and communication, which leads to globalization. Therefore, to understand the pros and cons of economic globalization in the U.S., understanding the role of political governance is important, as the two are intertwined. Political Governance and Globalization Nation-states often exercise sovereignty and have legitimate authority within a country’s borders. They are controlled by one central governance unit, which has sovereign authority in the nation-state. In contrast, international trade corporations, supranational agencies and NGOs are part of the larger global g overnance system, i.e. international governance. This shows that globalization has links with political governance of nation-states. Within nation-states, these links have three dimensions (Rosecrance, 1996): the centralization vs. the devolution of governance; political accountability; and the divergence or convergence of policies. Typically, governance can be devolved or concentrated in a central authority. In a centralized governance structure, power is vested in one unit, which has exclusive authority to rule. In contrast, in dispersed governance, many devolved units exercise limited power within the nation-states. An example is the United States’ government; the state government has some level of jurisdiction within the specific state. In a multi-level governance structure, authority is transferred or delegated to other units (Rosecrance, 1996). Globalization affects governance with regard to international disputes. In resolution of disputes, nation-states often delegate their sovereign power to a third entity to serve as an arbiter, with a pledge to comply with its determination. Therefore, globalization affects governance in nation-states through delegation of power. The second dimension, political accountability, is related to the delegation of power. Accountability requires political actors to govern transparently and responsibly. Democracy within nation-states entails political accountability, whereby the elected leaders are mandated to act on behalf of the citizenry. Keohane and Nye (2000) note that democracy, unlike accountability, does not extend beyond the borders of a nation-state. Although, democratic accountability is applicable to financial institutions such as the IMF, most NGOs associated with globalization lack internal democracy. Therefore, globalization affects governance through political accountability and democracy.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Globalization’ Economic and Political Dimensio ns specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Globalization also affects governance through convergence or divergence of policies. Although globalization may not completely erode the roles of the state government, it may create countries that have more or less similar policies and governance structures. Opponents of globalization argue that a globalized economy will force nation-states to adopt homogeneous policies and establish similar institutions (O’Brien et al., 2000). Also, globalization may lead to reduced government intervention in matters affecting its people. This may affect democratic accountability within nation-states. Pros and Cons of Globalization Economic Effects The effect of globalization on the economies of nation-states can be explained using the efficiency-based approach. The common economic policies of many countries are geared towards creating wealth; they entail opening up the markets to international investors. Th us, according to Friedman (1999), internationalization of markets influences countries to adopt â€Å"neoliberal policies that promote international openness, reduced government participation and increased private investments† (p. 8). Therefore, one disadvantage of globalization is its larger control of the economic benefits, through reduced government role in nation-states’ economy. The international organizations dominate the local economic spheres limiting the societal issues the government can act on. Globalization also causes a shift in power from the government to supranational and regional bodies. When this happens, resolution of transnational problems provides an avenue for the supranational authorities to expand their authority; an example is the EU and the North American Union. Also, regional institutions can position themselves strategically to protect their interests through transnational cooperation. Such economic integrations influence the policy preferen ces of the nation-state political actors. According to Rosecrance (1996), economic globalization may cause trading countries to adopt similar trade policies; a phenomenon that has far-reaching implications on bilateral relations between states. Nevertheless, globalization expands opens up national and regional markets by disintegrating local monopolies in favor of international competitiveness. Political Preferences Rosecrance (1996) argues that economic integration facilitates free flow of labor and capital across the borders and fosters specialization and division of labor in the global arena. In a free economy, some countries may lose or gain in the wake of economic globalization. However, the aggregate benefits in the long run would compensate for the costs associated with globalization. Rosecrance (1996) further shows that free trade policies affect many factors of production.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, labor and capital flow in the tourism industry will tend to favor certain trade policies in a trading bloc. Globalization also increases the number of players in favor of particular policies including activists and environmentalists, which ensures quality goods or services. However, marginalization of certain groups may arise and spillover into national politics leading to a struggle whereby the losing parties will attempt to derail integration while the winners will press for greater integration. Proponents of globalization have a preference for particular policies and models that encourage economic openness. Also, some integration players prefer certain forms of governance more than others. For example, in the United States, most NGOs prefer some level of regulation (consumer protection and labor regulation) at the national level rather than at the state level (Frieden, 1999). Integration critics argue that actor preferences for institutions such as the International Labor Organization tend to favor more stringent regulation of firms, which may affect their performance. Besides policy preferences, convergence of cultures often leads to a homogenization of cultures, values and lifestyles. Critics argue that globalization erodes national cultures and creates new societal norms (Frieden, 1999). Thus, due to globalization, the consumption culture, market competition, education and public goods may become homogenous across nation-states. Such a scenario may ultimately influence policy preferences whereby policymakers prefer decentralized policies to centralized and localized policies. Global Institutions Most global institutions advocate for policies that favor particular interest groups. As Frieden (1999) notes, international institutions such as the UN influence the interactions at the international level, which affect economic and political outcomes. One way in which institutions affect globalization is through policy preferences. Influential pol itical entities that favor a particular economic model would establish institutions to promote their ideals. For instance, before 1914, the gold standard agitated for an open economy by removing barriers to international trade in the 19th century; it, however, faced much domestic opposition from the American populists (Frieden, 1999). Thus, decentralized institutions can foster economic openness if they have political support. The stability of a country’s governance also influences policy choices and investment decisions by international organizations. For example, countries with unstable governments will have fewer external investors willing to invest there as political instability is often associated with ineffective economic policies. Thus, under conditions of political instability, perceptions held by global and regional organizations such as the NAU, WTO or the EU will influence investment decisions of international corporations. However, policy credibility can be enhanc ed if such governments sign bilateral treaties with stable governments. For instance, Mexico’s ratification of the NAFTA treaty reinforced its policy credibility at the international level (Frieden, 1999). Thus, regional and global institutions influence the local economic policies in a way that sustains a market economy and competitiveness. Conclusion Globalization has two dimensions; economic and political dimensions. Governance has links with globalization with regard to political institutions, cultural values and societal norms. From a cultural perspective, globalization erodes cultural values and norms through the convergence of cultures. Also, due to the interconnectedness of the different economies, financial crises in one part of the world affect the economies of other countries. However, globalization promotes cultural tourism through the convergence of cultures and promotes competitiveness and democracy. Also, globalization, through supranational governance influenc es financial and monetary policies of nations and regional trading blocs resulting in greater economic benefits to member states. Overall, the phenomenon of globalization has far greater benefits for nation-states than disadvantages. References Frieden, J. (1999). Actors and Preferences in International Relations. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Keohane, O., Nye, S. (2000). Globalization: What’s New? What’s Not? (And So What?). Foreign Policy, 118(4), 104-109 O’Brien, R., Goetz, A., Scholte, J., Williams, M. (2000). Contesting Global Governance: Multilateral Economic Institutions and Global Social Movements. New York: Cambridge University Press. Rosecrance, R. (1996). The Rise of the Virtual State. Foreign Affairs, 75(4), 45-61. This term paper on Globalization’ Economic and Political Dimensions was written and submitted by user Dawson V. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Individual moral development Essays

Individual moral development Essays Individual moral development Essay Individual moral development Essay Main reasons are because the individual does not think he or she will get caught, or the benefit outweighs the risk. Business has opportunities to pad or Inflate expenses while making traction and takeovers. It can be hard dodo the right things when no one is watching, the account statement can be alter easily and no one will notice but It Is equally difficult when you under pressure and depend on your faith. The factors that would influence choices would include the following: faith, organization culture and economic standings. Obviously, if the organization struggling economically, and Inflating expenses could bring in enough extra money, saying no would be all the more difficult, however individual decision would depends on moral development where the action is actually take on. Culture is a common word that people generally use In relation to genealogy, country of origin, language and the way people speak, what they eat, and their customs. Many define culture as nationality or citizenship. Values, norms, artifacts, and rituals all play a role in culture. An important component of corporate, or organizational, culture is the companys ethical culture. However reporter culture involves values and norms that prescribe a wide range of behavior for organizational members, the ethical culture reflects whether the firm also has an ethical conscience. Ethical culture involves many factors, including corporate policies on ethics, top managements leadership on ethical Issues, the influence of co-workers, and the opportunity . Within the organization, sublimates can develop within work groups, decision can be easily affect by people working around you or how the senior taught you, If the organization doing their expense account the unethical way throughout he years in the past 10 years, it is very difficult for you to change to do it in an ethical way. The more ethical employees perceive an organizations culture to be, the less likely they are to make unethical decisions. Corporate culture and ethical culture are closely associated with the idea that significant others within the organization help determine ethical decisions within that organization. Those who have influence in a work group. Including peers. Managers. Coworkers, and subordinates, are referred to as significant others. Obedience to authority is an aspect of the Influence that significant others can exercise this helps to explain why many employees resolve business ethics issues by simply following the directives of a superior, because have authority which employee have significant trust In them therefore increase the Influential by those authorities. The more ethical employees perceive an organizations culture to be, the less likely they are to make unethical decisions. Numerous studies conducted over the years confirm that significant others within an organization may have more Impact on a Rorers decisions on a daily basis than any other factor. In organizations that emphasize respect for superiors, for example, employees may feel that they are wrong, he or she is likely to say, l was only carrying out orders or My boss told me to do it this way. In addition, the type of industry and the size of the organization have effects on whether employee carries out such decisions; the bigger the company, the more potential for unethical activities. Moral development involves different types: teleology, demonology, relativist, virtue ethics and Justices. Employee moral decision on whether to inflate the expense account will be base on different moral development. Teleological philosophies assess the moral worth of a behavior by looking at its consequences two important teleological philosophies that often guide decision making in individual business decisions are egoism and utilitarianism. Egoist believe they should maximize their own self interest and utilitarianism seek the greatest good for the greatest people, they believe they should maximize the greatest utility when making decisions, however, ethnologists argue that there are some things that e should not do, even to maximize utility which is completely opposite to utilitarianism. Relativists are those who use themselves and people around them as their basis for their ethical standard, these types of people will be easily influence by culture in an organization. A moral virtue represents an acquired disposition that is valued as a part of an individuals character. A person who has the character trait of honesty will be disposed to tell the truth because it is considered to be right and comfortable. This individual will always try to tell the truth because of its importance in human immunization. Justice means that the decision rules used by an individual to determine the Justice of a situation could be based on the perceived rights of individuals and on the intentions of the people involved in a given business interaction. Justice is more likely to be based on deontological moral philosophies than on teleological or utilitarian philosophies. Justice deals more with the issue of what individuals feel they are due based on their rights and performance in the workplace. In conclusion I think when I am in the situation of being encourage to inflate the expense account, the most affective would be individual moral development rather than cultural value of the organization. It is because in cultural value of organization, it is basis on other influences, however , when accounting an expense account, it is all your own work, although there will be some pressure from the head or superior on how your entry in term of the expense account, the final decision on ethical or unethical is base on self decision. Depending on the characteristic of the person, the choice will be different according to the individual moral development.

Statement of purpose Personal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Of purpose - Personal Statement Example I believe that if one were to ask any of my friends to describe me, the first thing that would come to their mind is that I am a proactive, responsible and an ambitious woman. I have always thought that one of my most distinguishing qualities is the positive energy in me. I always try to push things further to get the best out of it. Even when sometimes I thought I failed, I could only look at the failure as another chance to make things even better. In my opinion, my children are what inspires me the most to be this way. Being a mother of five is definitely not an easy task and requires all the skills in the world. I believe I am family oriented. With this firsthand experience, I deem myself well fit for the counseling and psychology field. The skills from my life experiences have given me an opportunity to help people who are faced with various psychological problems. I did my undergraduate studies in social sciences. However, I have always thought of management and leadership to be very important in all aspects of life. It is important in small households as much as it is in big corporations. My grandmother used to say what I always thought of as a great saying, which goes something like â€Å"Governance is the salt of the earth†. I have decided to apply for a MBA degree because I believe it would guide me in the right path and give me the skills that I need to enter the world of business. I have always felt that I have the qualities of a leader, and all I need is the knowledge of how to implement those qualities in favor of the advancement of any business. I believe that the combination of different fields of study with enthusiasm is imperative for counseling. The skills that I have acquired through my experience provide a credible platform for me to study counseling. If I am given the opportunity to pursue this course, I will apply the same determination in completing it to the best of my ability. In my country, Saudi Arabia, there is a big notion

Cultural Comparison of the Muslim African and Catholic Mexican Research Paper

Cultural Comparison of the Muslim African and Catholic Mexican cultures related to Healthcare - Research Paper Example Mexicans have several illnesses in their healthcare culture that have varied meanings among them. While others are of the idea that health is as a result of good fortune or comes as a recompense for good conduct, others believe that illnesses have either natural or supernatural causes. For example, Mexicans have an illness in their culture known as humoral imbalance that they believe that mental and bodily sickness results from an inequality between the sick person and the surroundings. In Muslim culture, health is often believed to be lost through a lack of balance and moderation in one’s lifestyle and this creates a situation where it is difficult. Mexicans generally have three meals per day with dinner and lunch larger than the breakfast and the family takes their meals together especially when they have a large extended family and the meal is usually prepared by grandmothers. Food in the Mexican culture can be traced to the Galen’s humoral theory that is based on th e notion that the body is composed of four humors that is the blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile which in order to have the best health must be balanced using the qualities of heat, cold, moisture or dryness. Ethnopharmacology The African Muslim culture has a long history of pharmacology and this includes the use of knowledge from the ancient world as well as newly developed medicines. Today, African Muslims use both traditional and modern western medicine for the purpose of treating various medical afflictions. This is the same for Mexicans who use both traditional healthcare providers and Western medicine and the Mexican medication is prevalent in the urban areas though the poor who cannot afford the often expensive Western medicine resort to long-established practices in healthcare. Traditional medicine may be through home remedies such as taking herbal teas or if home medicine is ineffective, the Mexicans consult herbalists known as yerbero or massage therapists (sobador) or partera(midwife). Treatment can also be through religious rituals that may include prayers or the use of religious symbols worn on the body or kept in the house, making promises or commitments or visiting religious shrines. Mexicans can purchase prescription medicine anywhere without necessarily having to consult Mexican pharmacies but in some instances such as a person suffering from tuberculosis (TB) will purchase the drugs back in Mexico for fear of divulging their status that may result into stigmatization in a Western healthcare provider. Ethnonutrition When African Muslims deal with the matter of diet, they often follow the Islamic teaching on moderation, and when defining self-control, the Prophetic direction on the best of common diets is one-third food, the other third is composed of water and the final third should be air (Books, LLC 2011). This is because of the belief that when the stomach is overfilled with food, it will not be able to consume water, and when food a nd water go beyond their required level, one may experience from pulmonary problems. Therefore, this leads to anxiety and fatigue from lungs being incapable of easily delivering

The Unexamined Life Is Not Worth Living Socrates Philosophy Essay

The Unexamined Life Is Not Worth Living Socrates Philosophy Essay The unexamined life is not worth living. With these words, Socrates stated the creed of reflective men and women and set the task for ethics: to seek, with the help of reason, a consistent and defensible approach to life and its moral dilemmas (Walters 22). Ethical inquiry is important to us when we are unsure of the direction in which we are heading. New philosophy calls all in doubt, wrote John Donne in the wake of the Copernican Revolution and of Charles Is violent death, suggesting that new thoughts had challenged old practices (Donne). Today, new practices in the biomedical sciences are challenging old thoughts: New medicine calls all in doubt (Walters 22). Few moral convictions are more deeply ingrained than that of the sanctity of life. If plausible once, however, the view that life is a sacred process (initiated, sustained, and finally halted by God) is now more difficult to maintain (Baier 1-4). Recent advances in the biomedical sciences allow us to intervene in, and sometimes take control of, the processes of life and death. Not only can death, quite often, be kept waiting by the bed or machine, doctors and scientists can now also intervene in, indeed, initiate the process of life: cloning and recombination of DNA are two examples; in vitro fertilization (IVF) is another (Walters 23). It is not surprising, then, that in the wake of these revolutionary developments, bioethics is flourishing. Despite the obvious enthusiasm of philosophers to take a stand on many complex moral issues in the biomedical sciences, however, a curious skepticism pervades the enterprise (Walters 23). Take the comments by a dean of an Australian Medical School on the teaching of medical ethics: Like any other lifelong clinical teacher I have firm views about such topics as euthanasia, continuing severe pain, acceptable and unacceptable risks of various treatments, the appropriate use of life support systems and numerous other matters of this sort which I discuss with my colleagues, assistants, and students but would not wish to teach dogmatically since much depends on the religious and ethical views which they may have and which also must command my respect (Medical Ethics). The paragraph suggests that although ethics is not a matter of dogmatism, it is a matter of personal preference or choice, something one cannot-or should not-argue about. Then there is another attitude, implied in a newspaper article by B.A. Santamaria, that ethical inquiry is useless unless those investigating bioethical issues have been à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦endowed with authority by Almighty God [or] the Prime Ministerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Santamaria). Since the study of ethics is all about what is right and what is wrong, it is not possible to come to a correct conclusion unless one is directly appointed by God to make this conclusion. God is the only One who can correctly decree what is ethical and unethical; we as imperfect humans should not even attempt to do this job. IVF raises many of these difficult moral issues. If the above conceptions about the nature of ethics were correct, however, discussion of these issues would either be futile (because morality is a matter of personal choice or opinion) or superfluous (because morality is what a divine or secular authority says it is) (Walters 23). In this paper, I want to suggest that it is not only possible, but also necessary to inquire into the ethics of such practices as IVF because the fact that we can do something does not mean that we ought to do it. To begin with, I will provide the basic medical facts involving IVF to give a solid understanding of what goes into the whole process and what facts involving this process cause the questioning of the ethical and moral issues. Infertility affects about 4.9 million couples in the United States, or one in every twelve. Approximately one-third of infertility cases can be traced to causes in the female (Encarta). However, a small proportion of infertile women can produce healthy eggs but, although they have a normal uterus, they have damaged or diseased fallopian tubes which prevent the egg from passing from the ovary to the uterus (Warnock 29). Aside from conventional methods of fertility treatment, there are also several newer techniques, collectively known as assisted reproductive technology (ART). The best known of these is in vitro fertilization (IVF) (Encarta). The concept of IVF is simple. A ripe human egg is extracted from the ovary, shortly before it would have been released naturally. The egg is then mixed with the semen of the husband or partner so that fertilization can occur. The fertilized egg, once it has started to divide, is then transferred back to the mothers uterus. It is common practice to transfer more than one embryo to a potential mother whenever possible because of the normal hazards that come along with pregnancy, such as the egg not attaching to the wall of the uterus (Warnock 29-30). As many ripe eggs as are accessible are harvested. Each egg is then mixed with semen to achieve fertilization. Assuming there is no abnormality in the semen, the success rate of fertilization is usually at least 75%. When the time comes to transfer the embryos to the woman, it may be that only one embryo is suitable for transfer, or there may be several. The reason for transferring more then one embryo is that this should give the woman a better chance of achieving a pregnancy (Warnock 30). Nearly 0.2% of American and 1% of British babies are being born after IVF. There are now more than 300,000 IVF babies worldwide. Patients stand in line for treatment, regardless of the stress, discomfort, and risks, and despite the fact that the success rate for the treatment is seldom better than 1 in 5 or 20% (Gosden 26-27). This surprisingly high number of IVF babies, and the many more IVF attempts that do not produce babies, which are currently being produced around the world present a need for the discussion of the ethical, or unethical-ness of in vitro fertilization. To call an infant born as the result of IVF a created individual is to imply that there is some difference between a child conceived and brought to term in this way and one conceived in the womb and carried through completely to term by the mother. To many religious people, the work of creation belongs, in the first place, to God, as it is outlined in the creation stories of the book of Genesis. God is the one who creates life and order out of chaos. Mankind is the highest product of creation, made from materials, which are part of creation. To man, who is made in the image of God, there is given dominion over the created world and the authority to exercise a stewardship which involves caring for what has been created. This has been developed within the Christian tradition so that man may be considered a partner with God in the continuing work of creation (Walters 88). In examining the question of IVF we are not looking at a question of creation out of nothing, but rather what may be seen, from the religious viewpoint, as an aspect of the trust given to mankind to care for creation. It may then be more appropriate to think of the facilitated rather then the created individual when we consider human intervention in the process of human fertilization (Walters 88). In considering this question and its ramification we will look at the viewpoints of some writers, both within and outside the Judeo-Christian ethical tradition, and try to determine whether or not basic notions of humanity are threatened by the artificiality which some have claimed is involved in the process. One argument against IVF is presented by the Roman Catholic Church using natural law as the basis for their argument. The theory of natural law is widely taken to mean that God has visibly set forth Gods laws in nature and humans should obey them (Dyson 52). The primary feature of IVF that comes under scrutiny from natural law is undoubtedly concerned with IVF as external fertilization. This is to say, the primary accusation coming from natural law focuses on the fact that in IVF, fertilization occurs in vitro in a glass dish, rather than in vivo, namely in the womans body. A second feature of IVF that is challenged by natural law is the use of masturbation by the husband or donor to provide the sperm without which the external fertilization cannot go ahead (Dyson 53). A rebuttal against this is presented by Fletcher, in which he has proposed a personal instead of a biological interpretation [of the natural law theory], so that the nature to be respected becomes not the reproductive process but what is worthy of a human being-freedom, planning, control of physical nature to serve human nature! à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Mans vocation is actually to frustrate nature as do medicine and technology, if rational needs and purposes require it (Fletcher 323). Another argument that many use to defend IVF, and also abortion, is that the embryo is not actually a human being but instead just a mass of cells with the potential to become a child, therefore not worthy of respect or careful treatment as that which would be awarded to a baby. Walters, however, argues that the embryo is actually living: it metabolizes, respires, responds to changes in the environment, grows, and divides (Kass 32-60). It is actually human; it pertains to the species homo sapiens. It is inappropriate, therefore, to refer to it as potential human life. We could, however, say it is potentially a mature human being (Walters 51). Walters continues this argument using the reasoning of Paul Ramsey. The human individual comes into existence first as a minute informational speckà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (with the single exception of identical [multiple births]) no one else in the entire history of the human race has ever had or will ever have exactly the same genotype. Thus, it can be said that the individual is whoever he is going to become from the moment of impregnation. Thereafter, his subsequent development may be ascribed as a process of becoming the one he already is. However, some would counter-argue that, since twinning and recombination are possible in the early days after fertilization, irreversible individuality had not been achieved at this stage. These possibilities show the uncertainty of human individuation at conception. If the uncertainty remains as long as twinning is possible, it would seem that individuality could be certainly established only at blastocyst (an embryo four to six days after fertilization). Before this period, the embryo may be considered as only potentially a human being. This would imply that it is worthy of respect but not the same degree of respect as accorded to a mature human being (Walters 53). There are many more arguments concerning the ethicalness of in vitro fertilization, but the discussions stated above are the main points stated by the opposing sides. I do not believe one single conclusion can ever be drawn from these arguments. One can form him or her own personal opinion, but there will never be a single right or wrong answer. Based on the arguments I have read and learned about while writing this paper, I have drawn my own conclusions regarding the ethicalness of in vitro fertilization. I believe an embryo is a human being from the moment of conception and therefore its life should be treated with as much respect as a born baby should. I believe this life is precious and a creation of God. A baby is also, or should be, the representation of two people coming together in love to create a life. It should not be done outside of the body. An argument presented in Walters book that defends this position states: Those who reject human interference at the beginning of life would most certainly do so on the basis that what nature has decreed cannot take place ought not to take place. For an infertile couple, this implies that they must remain infertile: if they cannot produce a child by the normal means of conception then they must remain childlessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(89) This is not necessarily the case and is a very narrow-minded conclusion to draw, as I will explain in the next paragraph. I sympathize with the couples who wish to have a child that shares their genetics, but I believe God made the couple infertile for a specific reason. He made them infertile so they could have the opportunity to give an orphaned or abandoned child a home. There are thousands, maybe even millions, of children without families all over the world. These children deserve love and a home just as much as the couple deserves to have a child. As William Walters put it so clearly, instead of insisting on the right of a couple to have a child, as some have done, let us be mindful rather of the right of a child to have parents (Walters 78). Just because a couple cannot produce their own genetic child does not mean that they must remain childless. While many people may not agree with other conclusions I have drawn regarding the personhood of the embryo or the immorality of a couple having a child outside of intimacy, there is no disputing the fact that infertile couples have an alternative to having a child created through science. They could make something good out of a seemingly bad thing by giving a child without a family a home, love, and a life. There is an alternative to infertility without relying on scientists, test tubes, and small chances. They can create their own miracle by giving life to an already-born deserving child. Baier, K. The Sanctity of Life, Journal of Social Philosophy. Vol. 5. April 1974: 1-4. Donne, John. The First Anniversary. Dyson, Anthony O. The Ethics of IVF. Mowbrey: 1995. Fletcher, J. Anglican Theology and the Ethics of Natural Law, Christian Social Ethics in a Changing World: An Ecumenical Theological Inquiry. Association Press: New York, 1966. Flynn, Eileen P. Human Fertilization In Vitro: A Catholic Moral Perspective. University Press of America: 1984. Gosden, Roger. Designing Babies. W.H. Freeman and Co.: New York, 1999. Kass, L.R. Making Babies Revisited, The Public Interest. Vol. 54. 1979: 32-60. Infertility. Encarta 1998. CD-ROM. Microsoft Corporation, 1993-1997. Medical Ethics. Editorial. The Medical Journal of Australia 11 June 1977: p. 871. ODonovon, Oliver. Begotten or Made? Clarendon Press: 1984. Ramsey, Paul in Rachels, J. ed. Moral Problems. Harper Row: New York, 1975. Santamaria, B.A. Medics Play God With Babes on Ice. Perth Independent 26 May 1981. Walters, William and Peter Singer ed. Test-Tube Babies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982. Warnock, Mary. A Question of Life. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1984.

alcohol Essay -- essays research papers

Alcoholism, chronic and usually progressive illness involving the excessive inappropriate ingestion of ethyl alcohol, whether in the form of familiar alcoholic beverages or as a constituent of other substances. Alcoholism is thought to arise from a combination of a wide range of physiological, psychological, social, and genetic factors. It is characterized by an emotional and often physical dependence on alcohol, and it frequently leads to brain damage or early death. Some 10 percent of the adult drinkers in the United States are considered alcoholics or at least they experience drinking problems to some degree. More males than females are affected, but drinking among the young and among women is increasing. Consumption of alcohol is apparently on the rise in the United States, countries of the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and many European nations. This is paralleled by growing evidence of increasing numbers of alcohol-related problems in other nations, including the Third World. Development Alcoholism, as opposed to merely excessive or irresponsible drinking, has been variously thought of as a symptom of psychological or social stress or as a learned, maladaptive coping behavior. More recently, and probably more accurately, it has come to be viewed as a complex disease entity in its own right. Alcoholism usually develops over a period of years. Early and subtle symptoms include placing excessive importance on the availability of alcohol. Ensuring this avai...

Model Law on International Contracting Essay

Introduction E-commerce in commodity goods has existed for decades. Electronic contracts provided a new mechanism to form a relationship via Internet and now we see many commodity products being exchanged daily on the Web. The contract can respond not only to the parties but to changing conditions of some kind and then inform the parties of these new events or conditions. The electronic contract, in other words, connects the parties to each other and, if desired, to other people and to other sources of information in ways that are difficult to imagine with paper. Time, like space, seems to be out of place or even absent in the internet environment. Consequently, different jurisdictions and different laws have challenged some contract issues. Therefore, with the advent of the Web as the new commercial medium, traders and buyers alike should be aware of some basic principles of contract formation and how they apply to Web transactions. Mostly, the approved rules of paper contract continue to hold up in a purely internet exchange between parties to an agreement. The law does, however, draw the line at certain kinds of transactions which must be fulfilled. It is important before considering the particularities of the online world, to take a step back and examine contractual formation via Internet which is the background against which the relevant rules to the online world were established. Today all developed countries try to create a ‘uniform commercial code’ for business over the Internet. The purpose of this is to design a uniform legal structure for electronic commercial bargains world-wide. Steps in this direction have been taken by the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Contracting, English Law, and the CISG Convention, which has developed a â€Å"model law on electronic commerce† for international contracts in electronic commerce. This work will consider rules and standards for electronic contract performance, define what constitutes valid electronic writing and the acceptability of electronic signatures for legal and commercial purposes under abovementioned laws. It will also discuss the main forms of contracts via Internet and define problems that appeared in the formation of electronic contract today. 3. Formation of contract over Internet 3. 1 The offer 3. 1. 1 Under English Law In English law an internet contract via a website is formed after an offer – a determinate indication of the terms on which the offeror is prepared to be legally bound – is accepted by the offeree – the person to whom the offer has been made . If the email of acceptance does not vary the terms fixed in the email of offer, a contract will be formed by the second email. An offer may be to the world in general – in which case anyone may accept it – or to a particular person – in which case only they can accept it . At English law, a contract is concluded when an offer is accepted. Although this rule appears simple, there have been many conflicts over how to distinguish and identify invitations to treat, offers and acceptances. English common law traditionally classifies an offer as a statement by one party of his or her willingness to enter into a contract on stated terms, provided that these terms are accepted by the party to whom the offer is addressed; whereas an invitation to treat is simply an expression of willingness to enter into discussion which, it is hoped, will lead to the conclusion of a contract at a later date . Therefore advertisement of goods on the website will come only to an invitation to treat. Only when a buyer notifies about his intention to buy something from the site, the offer will only be formed. After this the seller can accept or refuse that offer. Under English Law an offer must be clear and complete and afford a distinct indication of the offeror’s intents . The offer must contemplate acceptance and a consequent obligation or obligations. An advertisement is considered as a mere invitation to do business and it is not an offer. An offeror is legally bound by the terms of the contract once his offer is accepted; while one who makes an invitation to treat is clearly free to accept (and thus form a contract) or to reject any offers that result from it, without any legal consequences.

Realisms Effect on Chekhov and Stanislavsky, and their...

Realism played a huge role in the lives of Anton Chekhov and Konstantin Stanislavsky. Both men made a huge impact on the world of theatre, and results are still seen today. Elements from Chekhov’s plays have influenced playwrights that came after him, like the works of Tennessee Williams, who listed that Chekhov had a huge impact on his writing. Stanislavsky’s acting system, based on acting truthfully, inspired many other acting systems that are still used today. Realism was a huge movement in late 1800s to early 1900s. All art forms were influenced by it. Writers, artists, actors and more started taking a more simple direction and tried to depict life as it actually was. In visual art it was common to see ordinary people doing every day†¦show more content†¦Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko and Konstantin Stanislavsky founded the Moscow Art Theatre on June 22, 1897, during an 18-hour luncheon at the Slavyanski Bazar (The Stanislavsky Century). The two had set out to reform Russian theatre and had the common goal in mind to create great art. Before they set their rules and regulations into place, none officially existed. Actors would show up either drunk or late and not have their lines learned. Stanislavsky and Nemirovich wanted a place where there would be discipline and respect and great art, thus the Moscow Art Theatre was born (The Stanislavsky Century). Konstantin Stanislavsky, himself, also practiced ideas of naturalism. He was a theatre practitioner and his roles served as actor and director, and he created the first acting method. He functioned as the artistic director of the Moscow Art Theatre. In A Sourcebook for Naturalist Theatre, there was a comparative statement to Chekhov and Stanislavsky which read: â€Å"In addition to the concept of acting ‘truly’, the practical correlative to Chekhov’s aim of depicting life ‘as it really is’, this extract outlines one of the most important keys to Stanis lavsky’s system: establishing objectives, which in terms of acting is the equivalent to the naturalists’ focus on motivation† (Innes 54). Stanislavsky wrote three novels that discuss his acting method; An Actor Prepares, Building a Character, and Creating a Role. These books are from the perspective of a